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She'ot Hityahadut โ€“ Review Essay

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ย She'ot Hityahadutโ€“ Review Essay

ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ึผืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื”, ืžื‘ื•ื: ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ืงื˜ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื“, 259 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.

Fanny Neuda,She'ot Hityahadut (ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช), Hebrew edition, introduction by Aliza Lavie; translation of prayers by Katja Manor, Tel-Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 2014, 259 pages

By: Yael Levine

The author holds a Ph.D. from the Talmud department at Bar Ilan University. She is the author of numerous articles related to women in Judaism. She recently published "Tefillot Li-Tevilla".

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in Europe, the United States, and Israel, in the compilation of prayers Stunden der Andacht, composed by Fanny Neuda (1819โ€“1894). Highlights of this renaissance will be currently mentioned. Bettina Kratz-Ritter published several scholarly studies relating to Neuda and her works. Some prayers from Stunden der Andacht were published in Hebrew translation in Tefillat Nashim (Tel-Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 2005), edited by Aliza Lavie. An English edition, Hours of Devotion, was published by Dinah Berland (New York:ย  Schocken Books, 2007). An abridged edition in Czechoslovakian was published in 2008. The Open Siddur Projecttranscribed one of the German editions. Recently, a Hebrew translation of the work, the subject of this review, was published. The introduction was written by Dr. Aliza Lavie, and the translation of the prayers was carried out by Katja Manor.

However, despite the fact that Lavie states in the introduction that the work offers a translation of the first edition published in 1855, a scrutiny of the translation reveals that, in actuality, this is a translation of the second edition published in 1858. The latter edition was re-edited by Neuda herself and contains many additions and changes. Additionally, the introductory material to the Hebrew edition contains factual errors, and consequently the present edition can't be relied upon.

Lavie provides laconic biographical information concerning Neuda and her religious stance. However, it's possible to show that her husband had Reform leanings. While we aren't in possession of any direct evidence concerning her own religious practices, her milieu of acquaintances was progressive and Reform. This religious environment is not conveyed in the Hebrew edition, though it is entirely essential for the reader to be familiar with.

Aliza Lavie is presently a MK in the Israeli parliament. However, the volume under discussion was, for the most part, prepared prior to the elections in January 2013. The current review doesn't relate to political issues.

ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืงื™ืจื”*

ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ

ืžื‘ื•ื

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1855 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื (1819โ€“1894) Stunden der Andacht, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืืœืžื ื•ืชื”. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืื” ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ืื”. "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ "ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช". ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ื—"ื› ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืชืจื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœ"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื".

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” ืจื—ืœ ื•ืจื‘ืจืžืื›ืจ (1806?โ€“1888), ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืœื•ื“ืžื™ืจ", ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื™ืคื ืื ื™ืงืฉื˜ืขืจ (ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื’; 1893), ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”. ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ (1882) ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก "ื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื", ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžื•ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืคืขืกื™ืœ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”.1

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžื’ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืืช ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื ืขื ืชื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืชื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืกืŸ. ย ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื "ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช"ืœืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘, ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืข"ื” (1815) ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘"ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ"ื•ื‘"ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืชื ื™ื ื", ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื™ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื— ืฉืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื›ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืข"ื– (1817) ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื•. ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืื”ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืกืŸ. ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช"ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืช ืชืงืค"ื‘ (1821), ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืค"ื– (1827).2

ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ืžืกื” "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ"ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘"ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ื•ื”ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืืš ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขืœื” ื–ื•.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจืข ืžืฉืžื—. ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืจื˜, ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื, ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื”ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ืฉืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืื™ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ; ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”: "ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช"ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื—"ื›ื™ืช, ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื™ื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื”.

"ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช"ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื•ื. ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชืžืš โ€“ ื›ืืžื•ืจ โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืฉื ืช 1855". ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1858, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื•ืžื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื—"ื› ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื: "ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ืชื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช (ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ - ื™"ืœ)... ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1855... ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื: ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžึฐื—ื‘ืจืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ... ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืžื”ื•ืช, ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื™ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืขืฆืžื” ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืžื ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื”ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”". ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ "ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืคื"ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ื›"ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื". ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช "ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจืš"ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื• "ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ", ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ื•ื™ื“ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืจื’ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื• ืฉืžื ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื–ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1855 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ "ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช", ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื-ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ Andachtsbuch fรผr israelitische Frauenzimmer. 3 ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1859 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื-ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ืž-1855, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1859 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 1858. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜", ื”ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (ืฉื ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”) ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1866. ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ืฉื ืช 1870 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืกืœืื• ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜". ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ื™ืคื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื” ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™. ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืงืจ. ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 1870 ื ื“ืคืกื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื”ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1890. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1858 ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืงื ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืคืก ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืžืกึผึดื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื” ื•ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”.

ืจื ืกื ืก ืžื–ื” ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืชื— "ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช"ื ืืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืจื ืกื ืก ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื” ืงืจืืฅ-ืจื™ื˜ืจ ืคืจืกืžื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1985, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, Four Centuries of Jewish Women's Spirituality, ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ื•ืžืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื”. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช. ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1866, ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ The Open Siddur Projectืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 1858.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื ืกื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื", ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื— (2007) ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœ"ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช", ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื”. ืื’ื‘, ื’ื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช "ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื"ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ? ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืืžื ื, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืืœื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื›ืืœืžื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื”, ื•ืœื•ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ (1820โ€“1894) ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ื”. ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืœื•ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืช ืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ (1820โ€“1886), ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืงืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืžืื™ืจ ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืขื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1842. ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื”ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื–ื”.
ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  "ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช"ื‘"ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช"ืžื•ืกืจืช ืฉ"ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื". ืื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ึผื ื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ"ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ืขืœึตื™ื ื•'"ื•"ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืงืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืืชืจื•ื’". ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžืจืชื” ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื”. ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื™ืก, ื•ืœื ืคืืฉืœืก. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1868. ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ืื”ึผ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื. ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช", ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื•ื—ืชืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืฉื "ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื“ืœ". ืฉืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืžื–ืงื™ืง ื”ืขืจื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื—ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘'ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื™ืจืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืžืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื”, ืฉืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืกื‘ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช "ืชืคื™ืœืช ืื ืฉื‘ื ื”ึผืžืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื"ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื” ืืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืฆื•ืคื”"ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003. 4 ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื ืืžืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžื• ืืžืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื”

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืก. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช "ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1848. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856 ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ืจ (ืืกืชืจ) ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘"ืขืœ "ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜". ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘"ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืงืฉืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”ื” ืœ"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘". ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘"ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืงืจืื™, ื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื–ื•. ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืกื‘ืช ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืืœื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘".

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ืคืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื "ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1846, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•. ื•ื”ื ื”, ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืžืื™ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก (1800?โ€“1871). ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘"ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช"ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœืชืจื’ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.5 ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘"ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”"ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก ืžืฉื ืช 1845. 6ืื—ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘"ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”"ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื", ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›-ื“"ืจ ืžืงืก ืœื˜ืจื™ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžืฉื ืช 1855 ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”,7ืืš ื–ื”ื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก.8ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื"ื›ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื’ื” ืืžื ื ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘", ืื•ืœื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ื•ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”"ื›ื™ "ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘", "ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”"ื•"ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•, "ืฉืงืจ ื”ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™". ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื•ืืฆืœ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก, ืืš ืœื ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘", ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคื•ืชื—. ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืžื ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘"ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘"ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืื›ื˜"ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืขื– ืฉืœื ื›ืœืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ื—ืจืชื”-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื—ืจื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื– ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›"ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš", ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ. ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”, ืฉืื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืž"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘"ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืž"ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืžื ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืจืขื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื”", ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืฆืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืจืขื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื”", ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘"ืืžืจื™ ืœื‘". ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื: "'ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืชื™; ืœืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื‘ืืจืš ืจื•ื— ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™. ื‘ืจืš ื•ื‘ืขื“ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžืจื”, ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืชืขืœืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ื•ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืœืช. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ืกื•ืžื›ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ื•ืชืจ Stundender Andacht. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœื”; ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ HeinrichZschokkeื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1809โ€“1816. ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ Hours of Devotionื–ื”ื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1834 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ (1780โ€“1862) ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ Stunden der Andacht fรผr Israeliten, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ.

ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ืช ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™, ืื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื”. ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื™ื“ืœ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘, ื•ืื™ืžื”ึผ, ื ื—ืžื” ืงืจืคืœืก, ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื-ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื•ื™ื“ื. ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ืœื•ืฉื™ืฅ, ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ื’ื ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1841, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืฉื™ืฅ (ื‘"ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื"ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžึดืฉืึฐื’ึผึถื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืจื’), ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืžื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835 ื›ืืจื‘ืข-ืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืื ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฆื™ื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1845 ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคืืคื (Pรกpa) ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”.9 ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื™ืชื™ืจื”ย  ืžื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ืื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืคืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืงืจืื™ ื›ืคืชื™ื— ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื’ื” ืžื ื•ื”ื’ื” ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™. ืคืชื™ื— ืื—ื“ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืคืชื™ื— ืื—ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ืข ืžื›ึผึดืชื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจื™ื™ืกืจ(1806โ€“1863), ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•, ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืฉืื‘ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืž"ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ืกืจ. ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื—ืจ ืœืงื•ื— ืžื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืื”ืœื–ืืŸ. ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืก ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฉืื‘ื” ื ื•ื™ื“ื, ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ืžืชืจื’ื ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ ืžืื™ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืจืคื•ืจืžื™. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืืคืคื” ืืช ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืืžื ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืœืืžืฅ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื›ืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ืงื‘ืฆื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืœืืกื•ืคื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื–. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขืžื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ื ืื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกื— ืื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืœืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืžื–ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื ืื” ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืœืžื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ื–ืœืช ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื”. ืื ื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช

1. ืจืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, '"ื“ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”'ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ ืชืžื™ื“"', ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, 11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2014, ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื“, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืคืกื—, 870, ืขืž' 8, 10.
2. ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ื: ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืกื•ืคื” ืžืชื•ืš "ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงื•ืจืŸ: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 2009, ืžื‘ื•ื, ืขืž' 2โ€“4.
3. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”: Fanny Neuda, geb. Schmiedl, Stunden der Andacht:ย ein Gebet- und Erbauungsbuch fรผr Israels Frauen und Jungfrauen, zur รถffentlichen und hรคuslichen Andacht, so wie fรผr alle Verhรคltnisse des weiblichen Lebens,ย Prag 1855. ื•ื–ื• ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช: Andachtsbuch fรผr israelitische Frauenzimmer zur รถffentlichen und hรคuslichen Erbauung in allen Verhรคltnissen des weiblichen Lebens, Prag 1855.
4. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ, "ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืกืจื”", ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื'ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขืž' 15. ื•ืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”: ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, "ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ื•", ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื—'ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“, ืขืž' 12.
5. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 1855 ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 1858 ื‘ืขืž' 137โ€“142.
6. ย ย ย M. Letteris, Erbauliche Betrachtungen, hebrรคische Sagen und Dichtungen, Prag 1845, pp. 29โ€“30, 34โ€“37
7. ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืขืจื” 3 ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื™ื“ื”.
8. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" (ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ื“) ื”ื•ื: Andachtsbuch fรผr israelitische Frauenzimmer zur รถffentlichen und hรคuslichen Andacht in allen Verhรคltnissen desLebens, als Jungfrau, Braut, Gattin und Mutter, Prag 1848. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืœื” Andachtื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” Erbauung. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1852, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื˜ืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืŸ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื“ื ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืคืืฉืœืก (Wolf Pascheles) ย ื‘ืคืจืื’.
9. ย ย Zulรคssigkeit und Dringlichkeit der Synagogen-Reformen, Wien 1845, pp. 85โ€“89
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ยฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ


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