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The Origins of Hamentashen from the Evidence of Jewish Literature: A Historical-Culinary Survey Revisited (yet again)

February 27, 2018, 3:23 pm
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The Origins of Hamentashen From the Evidence of Jewish Literature: A Historical-Culinary Survey Revisited (yet again)
By: Eliezer Brodt
Eleven years ago I wrote about the origins of Hamentashen in Jewish Literature (here). A year later I revisited the topic (here). Two years ago, I rewrote parts of it for Hebrew Kulmos magazine with some new important material.
See here for previous posts on Purim and here for a Purim Round up.
ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ: ืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื•
ืžืืช: ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืื“ื˜
ืžื” ืœื ื• ืขื ืื–ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœืื›ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืงื”? * ื”ืื ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจืฉ? ืื• ืฉืžื ืื–ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื•ืช? * ืžืขืงื‘ ืจื‘-ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"ื•ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื•
ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื—ื’, ื’ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ื“ืจื ื•ืœืื›ืœื ื‘ืฉืคืข ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื 'ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ'ืื• ื”'ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืฉืืŸ'. ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื”, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื, ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ืš" ("ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื", ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืชืฉื›"ื”, ืขืž' 7), ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ. ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื›ืœื? ืžื” ื‘ืื• ืœืกืžืœ? ืื™ืžืชื™ ื ื•ืกื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืฉื˜? ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ื–ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืจื”.
ืืš ืจืืฉ ืœื›ืœ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื ื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื˜ื•-ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืืš ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืื™-ืืœื• ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืกืคืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืืžืœื™ืŸ (1646-1724), ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ืงืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื‘ื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื.
ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื›ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืง"ืค (1820) ืœืขืจืš, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืขื™ื“: "ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืขืฉื” ืื‘ื™ ื–"ืœ ืžืฉืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”... ืžืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืงื” ืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืคื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื (ืงื™ืฉืขืœืš) ื•ื›ื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืŸ..." (ื"ื‘ ื’ื•ื˜ืœื•ื‘ืจ, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื•, ืขืž' 82).
ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื›ื ืื—ืจ: "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš... ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”..." (ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื•, ืขืž' 24).
ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื˜ื ืื›ืœื• ื•ืฉืœื—ื• 'ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ'ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืคืœืŸ: "ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช... ืžื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืฆืœื” ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ... ืจืžื– ืœื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื" (ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืื”, ืขืž'ืงืž). ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื™ืกืœ ืžืงืœื ื›ืชื‘: "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืจื™ื... ื”ื ื” ื”ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืืฉ ื”ืœื–, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ืคื” ื™ืคื”...", ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™ (ืื•ืจ ืจืฉ"ื–, ื‘, ืขืž'ืงื˜ื–).
ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขืœ "ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”") ืขืœ ืกื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (ืื‘ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžื•ื•ืืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ), ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•: ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ, ื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืจ'ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”'ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืฉืืŸ'ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ื”ื˜ืขื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืžื— ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ื”ืœืš ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื•ืคื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืžื—, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืฉืืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืงืคื“ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฉื ื›ื ืก ืื“ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืคืกื— ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื—ื•, ื›ืš ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ ืœืฉืžื—ื (ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื‘, ืขืž' 974).
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื•ืœืฆืขืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, 'ืœืื•ืช ื ืงืžื”', ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืจื‘ื• ืื•ื–ืŸ-ื”ืžืŸ ืžืœืื” ื‘ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืขืจื•... (Between Worlds, pp. 37-38).
ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1865 ื‘ืขืจืš, ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืขื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” (ืžืกืขื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืž' 725).
ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ, ืื™ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20: "ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื... ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืขื•ื’ื”... ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืชื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” (ืฉืœืฉื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื’, ืขืž'ื›ื‘). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ "ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืคื” ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ... (ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืž' 54). ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื (ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื, ืขืž' 149) ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื›ืืจื” (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืขืž' 210) ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืื›ืœื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ.
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1803 ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš 'ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ'! (ืจืื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืฆืœ E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence 2006, pp. 9. 218-219, 228 ).
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืคื•ื ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช 'ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ'ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ?
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"? ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื-ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, "ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", ืชื”ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”"ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™"ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืฉืืŸ"? ื”ืื ืื›ืŸ, ืจืง ื”"ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื ื™"ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ 'ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ'?

ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื
ื ื ื™ื— ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ืคื ื” ืืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช. ืืฃ ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื ื›ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื - ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืืœืชื ื•, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘"ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš"ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืžืฉื ื›ื ืก ืื“ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ืื•ืœื, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืžื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืฉื ื›ื ืก ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืชืžืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื•ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” (ืขืœื™ ืชืžืจ, ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืขืž'ื’).
ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืฉื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืืฃ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื"ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื–, ืก"ืง ื›ื‘) ื”ืžืจืžื– ืœื–ื”: "ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื˜ืจื˜ื™ืื•ืช ื•ืงืจืงืกื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื“ืฃ ื™"ื—, ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื ืžื™ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื ืžืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ...".
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื–, ื‘): "ืงื ืจื‘ื” ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ ื–ื™ืจื", ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: "ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื‘ืŸ... ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืจื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืจื... ืฉื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื—ื˜ื• ื‘ืืžืช..." (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื’ื™ืœื” ื–, ื‘). ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืฆื’ื”!
ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ 'ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ืก', ื•ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜.
ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื "ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก (1286-1328). ืกืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1319, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’. ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืงืœ, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”.
ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ืงืžื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ื•ื”ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืฆื’), ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื (ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆ"ื™ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, 'ืžืœืš ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“', ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”), ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ื (ืกืคืจ ื•ืกื™ื™ืฃ, ืขืž' 248). ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื"ืž ื”ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืฉืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ืฉืžืขื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืœื ืœื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื—"ื•. ื’ื ืจ'ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ "ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื"ืืฉืจ ืœื•: "ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ืชื ื‘ืคืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ? ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขืœืžื, ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื• ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืœื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืฉ...".
ื•ื”ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘"ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื"ืœืจื‘ื™ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก: "ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืžืจ, ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ืจื˜ื•ืœื™... ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื—ืชื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื...". ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื” 'ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™', ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื ืœ'ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืฉืืŸ'ืฉืœื ื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื "ืฆื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืชื ื“ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ", ืžืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• (1592-1527). ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ: "ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื—ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื” ืžืœื‘ื• ืค'ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื•, ืœืฆื—ืง ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื“ื•ื”, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ื™ืชืคืืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื... ืœืœืฉื•ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืชื...".
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื (ืขืž' 67):
"ื™ืื™ืจ: ืื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื›ืคืจื” ืคื ื™ื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืขืคื• ื›ืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืคื•ืจื™ื: "ื•ื™ืชืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ", ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืžืŸ". ื•ืื™ืš ื™ืื›ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจืข ืืช ื ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื”?
ื™ืงื˜ืŸ: ื’ื ื–ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ืจื‘ ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื•: ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” "ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ"ื”ื™ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ - ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื” ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ "ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ื›ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ".
ื™ืื™ืจ: ื™ืคื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘!" (ืคืจื•ืค'ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“, ืžืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื 'ืจื‘ ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™'ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 'ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื'ืฉืœ ืจ'ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก).
ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืชืฉื‘ื™'ืžืืช ืจ'ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ (1468-1549), ืฉื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1541, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš 'ืžื ืœืŸ': "ืžื ืœืŸ ืœื”ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ; ื’ื ื–ื• ืžืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื•ืช: ืืŸ ื•ืœืŸ...". ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžื ืœืŸ'ืžื‘ื™ื ืจ'ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืคื™ืง ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืชืฉื‘ื™: "ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืชื 'ื”ืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื ืœืŸ, ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฅ'. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฆื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื•ืื’ื‘ ื“ืืชื™ื ืœื™ื” ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื ืœื™ื” ืœืืชื ื•ื™ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื...".
ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื™ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ื– ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื (ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืชืฉื‘ื™): "ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœืœ, ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืœืฆื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื...". ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืกืชื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื’ื ืจ'ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•, ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื›ืš.
ืืš ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจ'ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื ืกื™ืฉ (1618-1703) ืžืฆื™ื ื•: "ืืžื ื ื ื–ืจืง ื”ืขื˜ ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื / ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื, ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื“ื ื™ื / ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืจืงื—ื•ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื / ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื" (ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจืื ืกื™ืฉ, ืขืž' 363).
ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื™ (1799-1852), ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืื“ืจืฉื” ืื—ื™... ื•ืชืฉืœื— ื ื ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื ื™ืš... ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืื” ืžืขื ืœื—ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืช ืจืงื™ืงื™ ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸื•ืืกืขื“" (ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื‘ื ืืฆืœ ืž'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "Purim Und parodie").
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”"ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™"ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื›ืžืื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจืฉ?
ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื "ืื–ื ื™ื™ื", ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ (1437-1508), ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื— (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–): "ื•ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื— ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืฆืคื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืื–ื ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื•ื™ืงืจืื•ื”ื• ืื–ื ื™ื - ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ".
ืืžื ื ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื ืงืจื "ืื–ื ื™ื™ื", ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ-ื›ืกืคื™ (ืืฉืจ ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื•), ื•ื–ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1340! (ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื).
ืจืž"ืž ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืจ"ื™ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืจ"ื™ ืื‘ืŸ-ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ื”ื’ ืงืœ, ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื• ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืžืื›ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื”ื ืก ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืœืกืคื™ื ื’, ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืื™ืกืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืงืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืชื• (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืก ืฉื‘ืคืš ืฉืžืŸ)". ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ (ืขืž' 168): "ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื•... ื•ืื—ืจืช ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ื, ื•ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืชื™ื".
ืื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ: "ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ - ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื” ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ 'ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ื›ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ'", ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ-ื›ืกืคื™, ื•ืœื ืœืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ืžืืคื” ืžืžื•ืœื, ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืงืจืขืคืœืืš", ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื ืืคื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืื• ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ. ืืš ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"?
ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืžืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชื’ื 'ื—ืจืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืŸ' (ืฉ"ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืขืž' 25). ืžื” ืคืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™?
ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ (1261-1336) ืžืฆืื ื•: "ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืŸ? ืœื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื–ืจืฉ? ืœื ืชืงืœืœ ื—ืจืฉ!" (ืขืž' 109). ื•ืฉื•ื‘: "ื•ืื ืืžืจ: ืืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืŸ ื•ื–ืจืฉ! ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืŸ: ืืœ ืชืงืœืœ, ื“ื•ื“, ืœื—ืจืฉ!" (ืขืž' 169). ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ"ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืคื™ืจืกื ื“ื‘ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• (ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื, ื’, ืขืž' 70). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืž"ื“ ืงืืกื•ื˜ื• ืงื™ืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ (ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื™ื–, ืชืฉื™"ื, ืขืž' 148-149), ื•ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”'ื›ืชืจ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘': "ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ... ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื–ืŸืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืขืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ..." (ื›ืชืจ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื, ืขืž'ืชืงืžื‘). ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™.
ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืคื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืืš ื‘ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”"ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ"ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืื™ ืžืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช (ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ'ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืืœืคื ื‘ื™ืชื ืชื ื™ื™ืชื, ืขืž' 210-214); ื‘. ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ-ื“ืขืช ืžืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘"ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื" (ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืื•ืช ื‘, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขืจืš ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืื—ืจื•ืŸ): "ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ืื™ื•ื‘ ื™ืงืจื ื”ืื“ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื•ื™ืจื•ื” ืฆืžืื•ื ื•, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ืงืจื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™, ื•ืืชื ื— ืกื™ืžื ื: ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื“. ืืžืช - ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืœืขื“ - ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ".
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžื ื™ (1707-1779), ืชืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื ื” ื•ืจื™ื’ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื "ื–ืจืข ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ": "ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืžืŸ ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื ื˜ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆืช ืืฉืชื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืงื” ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ืก ื‘ื ืžื—ืžืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืขืฅ ืฉื—ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืชืœื•ื”ื• ืขืœื™ื•..." (ื–ืจืข ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘, ืขืž'ืฉื›ื).
ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคืชื’ื 'ื—ืจืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืŸ': ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœืขืฆืช ืืฉืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉืžืข ย - ื ื’ืจืžื” ื ืคื™ืœืชื•. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ.
ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื“ืจืฉ, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ" (ืขืž' 131): "ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ืฆื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“... ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ืขืฉื” ืฉืชืฉ ื›ื—ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืข ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืŸ ืชืฉ - ืชืฉ ื›ื—ื•".
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื–ืง"ืฉ ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืกืžืœ ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช... ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืืœ ื•ืœืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืœืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืฉื” ืจืืฉื™ ืชื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืฉ ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ... ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื“ ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื•. ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืจืืฉ ืชื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืช... ืœื›ืœ 'ื”ืžื ื™ื'ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืื–ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ื ืฆื—..." (ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืขืž'ืฆื‘).
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืžื ืฆืงื™ ื›ืชื‘: "ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืง, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•" (ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืขืž'ืงืžื‘).

ืื›ื™ืœืช ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื’
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืชื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ "ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ"ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื‘ื”ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื• ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืช ืืฉืชื•. ืืš ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื’? ื•ืžืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš?
ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื"ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ืชืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื". ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื"ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ"ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืจืž"ื, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื”", ืžื‘ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ "ื›ืœ ื‘ื•", ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก, ื•ืืฃ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืคืชื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืจืฆื”. ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”"ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ" (ืฉื): "ื•ื˜ืคื™ ื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื” ืืกืชืจ, ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื ืขืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ - ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื...".
ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืžืฅ" (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืชืจืฆื˜): "ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืฃ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœืžื’ื™ืœื”. ืื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ".
ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืฉื•ื ืื• ื”ืคืจื’ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืœื• 'ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื' (ืจืื” "ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™"ื‘, ื˜; ืฉ'ืงืจื•ื™ืก, "ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“", ื‘, ืขืž' 229-233). ืืš ืžืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ?
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคืœื "ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”"ืฉื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1864 ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, ืžืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืกืจ ืžืคืื ื™ื•ืขื– ืฉืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืจื‘ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ. ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:
"ื•ืœื—ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืขื, ืฉืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœืช ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘, ืกื™ืกืจื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืข... ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืœืื”ื‘ืช ืืฉืชื•, ื›ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœืš ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืขื™ืงืจื• ื”ื•ื ื ืก. ืœื›ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื”ืœื—ืžื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืกื—, ืก"ืง ื˜ื•) ื•ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืฆืง, ื›ื”ืฆืœืชื ื ืก ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ืขื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•... ื•ื˜ืขื ืฆื•ืจืชื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื›ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ืืชื”? ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืž"ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืŸ", ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืž"ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™", ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื•ืœื”. ื ืžืฆื ืž"ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื"ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืคืกืงื” ื•ื ื—ืชื›ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ, ื•ืœื–ื›ืจ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื”ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”...".
ื”"ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”"ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ: "ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืื... ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื™ืจืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•, ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืืคื•ืช ืœื—ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื•ืžื™ ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื—ืžื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืกื›ื ื”. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ืก ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืงืฆื”ื•, ื•ืœื ื ืชื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš" (ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืขืž'ืจืขื-ืจืขื‘).
ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืฃ ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืžืŸ"ืื• "ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืืฉืŸ", ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ 'ืงืจืขืคืœืš', ื•ืืฃ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื"ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืกื—, ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื–ื”.
ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคืืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ "ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ"ื‘ืฉื•ืžืฉืžื™ื. ื‘"ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื"ืžืŸ "ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ื"ืฉื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1814, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื: ืœืžื–ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืฉืžื™ืŸ... ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืžื•ืจื™ ื“ืžืœืชื ืื’ื‘ ืื•ืจื—ื ืงื ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸ ื“ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœืžืœื™ื™ืชื ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืืฉ".
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืฉื "ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ืœืคื•ืจื™ื", ืฉื ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1855, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉืืœื”: "ื ื—ืชื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืœืงื”ืœืชื ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืืฉื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืฉืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ืคื•ืจืฅ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”... ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื˜ื ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืืฉื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืื–ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืš ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช... ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื• ื”ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืช ื“'ื›ื ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืŸ ื˜ืืฉื™ืŸ ืœืื• ื›ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื ื“ืžืฆื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื... ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืฉืžื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื ื“ืขืชื™ ื ื•ื—ื” ืžืžื ื•...".
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช "ืื–ื ื™-ื”ืžืŸ"ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื" (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืฆ, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื˜): "ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื‘ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื ืงืจื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ืžืŸ, ื–ื›ืจ ืœืชืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ". ืงื•ื“ื ืœืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ "ืžืกื” ื•ืžืจื™ื‘ื”", ืžืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืืคื™ืŸ-ื”ื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1627 ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืขื ื™: "...ื‘ืจื•ื˜ ืขืฉื˜ื• ื•ืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืŸ". ืชืจื’ื•ื: "...ืœื—ื ืืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ "ื”ืžืŸ"ืฉืžืŸ (ืžืกื” ื•ืžืจื™ื‘ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื”, ืขืž' 319). ื”ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื—'ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืื ืกืงื™ (ืฉื, ืขืž'121) ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•: "ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื›ื•ืœ "ื”ืžืŸ". ื–ื”ื• ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืื›ืœื• ื‘ื—ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื–ืืก... ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ... ื•ืœื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืคื” ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื..." (ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœืื’'ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™, ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื“: "ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืกื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ", ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”).
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช:ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ, ืฉ"ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืขืž' 25-38; Israel Davidson, Parody in Jewish Literature New York, 1907

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