The Pros and Cons of Making Noise When Haman’s Name is Mentioned: A historical perspective (updated)
By: Eliezer Brodt
Several weeks before Purim, one can already see children of various ages playing with cap guns and other loud noisemakers. All of this is done in the spirit of preparing for the laining of the Megillah and the noise that will be made whenever the name of Haman is mentioned—sort of like reviewing the halachosof Yom Tov 30 days before the chag!
On a more serious note, what are the reasons for the minhag of “banging” whenever the name of Haman is said? In this article I will try to trace some of the sources and their various aspects.[1] This post first appeared last year as an article in Ami Magazine; the current version contains many additions to that article. A much more expanded version of this article will appear in Hebrew (IY"H) in the future.
According to the Yerushalmi, one should say “arur Haman ubanav,”Haman and his children should be cursed, but it does not specify when. It then mentions that R' Yonasan would curse Nevuchadnetzar after he was mentioned during the Megillah.[2]However, in Masechtas Sofrim, where this is also brought down, it says that “arur Haman ubanuv” was said after the Megillah was read. From this it is clear that the reason for saying this is the pasuk in Mishlei, that when one mentions the name of a tzaddik he should say “zecher tzaddik livrachah” and “shem reshaim yirkav” whenever an evil person is mentioned.[3]
Today, the practice is to say “arur Haman ubanav”after the Megillah, during the piyyutAsher Heini[4], and specifically when its most famous stanza is recited, Shoshanas Yaakov.[5] In fact, this might be what the Gemara is referring to when it says one should be intoxicated to the point of not knowing the difference between “arur Haman” and “baruch Mordechai.”[6]
The Manhig writes that in Spain the custom was to say “arur Haman baruch Mordechai” after the Megillah reading. The children in France and Provence had a custom to write Haman’s name on the bottom of rocks and bang them together in fulfillment of ““shem reshaim yirkav.”[7] From this source it would appear that this was done specifically by children and each and every time Haman's name was mentioned.
Rav Aharon Hakohen Miluneil (d. 1330) in his work Orchos Chaim adds that the children of France and Provence did this for the additional reason of fulfilling “macho timcheh es zecher Amalek,” but does not specify when this was done. It appears that this was simply a custom that was done on Purim although not necessarily during the Megillah, reading.[8]
The Avudraham mentions the custom from the Manhig and adds that there is a source in the Midrash saying that one should erase Amalek from wood and stones.[9]
The Sefer HaAsufot cites another Midrash (which we don't have) to show that the children banged on the wall when Haman's name was mentioned.[10]
The Shibolei Haleket writes that some people in Italy had the custom of stamping their feet, banging stones and breaking pots, after which everyone would get up and thank Hashem for saving the nation;[11] he writes that while it is not obligatory, it is a good custom. It appears that this was done by everyone, not only the children.
From the Sefer Hatadir, it appears that “children who were zealous to do mitzvos” would break pots when Haman and Zeresh were mentioned.[12] It seems from both of these Italian sources that it was not done during the Megillahreading, but neither gives a reason for this custom.
In yet another Italian source, the Machzor Kiminhag Roma printed by Soncino in 1485-1486, we find that they would smash pots when the piyyut was recited after the Megillah, but during the Megillahlaining they would stamp their feet, clap their hands and make other sounds. It's also clear that this was done by everyone.[13]
A bit later, R' Yehudah Aryeh Modena (1571-1648) wrote about Italy that somewould bang when Haman's name was said.[14]
R' Zalman of St. Goar, in his work Sefer Maharil, writes that he observed that his Rebbe, the Maharil, did not bang when Haman's name was said.[15] The Rama brings this down in his Darchei Moshe.[16]Various Acharonim have different explanations as to why the Maharil did not bang.[17]There is, however, a manuscript written by the Maharil's son saying that his father did indeed bang when Haman's name was mentioned.[18]
R' Avraham Saba writes that some have the custom to bang two stones together, based on the words “vehayah im bin hakos harasha,” as the final letters of the first three words spell Haman[19]. This remez is also brought by the Sifsei Kohen Al Hatorah[20], Minchah Beilulah[21], Levush[22] and Mateh Moshe.[23]
The Rama writes that there was custom among children to make a picture of Haman or write his name on wood or rocks and erase them in fulfillment of “macho timcheh” and “shem reshaim yirkav.” From this they developed the custom of banging during the Megillah reading, and one should not abolish or belittle any custom because there was a good reason for it being established.[24] In Darchei Moshe he writes that his source is from the Manhig as quoted by the Avudraham.
In the very popular Yiddish book by R' Shimon Ginsburg, first printed in 1590, we find the custom of the children “banging”[25]. Similarly, the Levush also writes that we should keep this custom, as does the Magen Avraham.[26]
The Levush then says that when Haman's name is mentioned one should actually say “shem reshaim yirkav”[27].At first glance this appears to be a big chiddush, as talking during the Megillahreading is a hefsek. The Mishnah Berurah[28] and Rav Moshe Feinstein conclude that one should not say this during the Megillah.[29]
However, after quoting the Levush, the Magen Avraham writes "see MidrashRabbah about Nevuchadnetzar".[30]
The Magan Avrhom is referring to the Medrash we quoted in the beginning, of Esther which says R' Yonasan would curse Nebucadnetzar after it was mentioned during the Megilah. So from this Medrash we see clearly that duringthe Megilah reading he would say this and he would not wait for after the Megilah. This supports the Levush.[31]
R' Avraham Klozner writes that the reason children bang rocks together is that they do not know how to say “shem reshaim yirkav, Whereas the adults say that during the Megillah”.[32] The anonymous comments, in Sefer Haminhagim of Rav Isaac Tirina writes the same.[33]
Those Opposed to “Banging”
R' Binyamin Halevi writes in the Machzor Maagalei Tzedek (first printed in 1550) that he is opposed to these customs, as well as the burning of a mock Haman in effigy. Not only do they cause a great disturbance in shul, but we live among non-Jews who are constantly looking for reasons to attack us. In other words, these minhagim are dangerous and should be abolished, as was done with other customs.[34]
To illustrate how these things can get out of control, R' Eliyahu Capsili describes an incident that occurred in Crete in 1545 when a firecracker went off and caused utter pandemonium in shul. A takanah was subsequently made forbidding this kind of thing on Purim.[35]
R' Avrohom Chaim Naeh writes about Yerushalayim in the 1940's :
הרמ"א כתב על מנהג הכאת המן דאין לבטל שום מנהג... אבל המנהג היה להכות בעצים, ויומא כי האדינא חידשו להם הילדים מנהג חדש שמכין עם כדור פולווער [חומר נפץ], שנשמע קול יריה והפולווער הזה מוציא עשן מסריח ומחניק, עד שאי אפשר כלל לעמוד בבית הכנסת. העשן נכנס בגרון הקורא, וקולו נעשה צרוד, ובקושי אפשר לו להמשיך הקריאה, וכן הצבור סובלים מחוסר אויר, ומצפים מתי יגמרו הקריאה. בודאי חובה לעקור המנהג של היריות שעת הקריאה, דזה אינו מנהג וותיקין ועל דבר זה צריך לעמוד לפני הקריאה בכל תוקף, ולהוציא מידם כלי היריות [קצות השלחן, הערות למעשה, עמ'קמו אות ה].
Another reason to refrain from banging is found in the ShelahHakadosh, which is that it simply makes too much noise and people can’t fulfill the obligation to hear the Megillah.[36]The Pri Megadim writes something similar, that it confuses people.[37]
Anotherearly source opposed to banging R' Shmuel Portaleone (1570-1648).[38] One of his concerns was that the non-Jews would make fun of us.
The Seder Hayom (1599) writes that it’s not proper to make a ruckus in shulbut if it’s being done by small children there’s no need to be concerned, due to simchas hayom.[39]
In Egypt and in London[40] (1783) they abolished the noisemaking completely.[41]Rabbi Avraham Levinson in Mekorei Haminhaghim[42] and R' Ovadiah Yosef[43] were also for abolishing it. Similarly, Rav Yosef Henkin writes that the banging should be stopped during the actual Megillah laining.[44]
A Compromise
Rabbi Chaim Benveniste (1603-1673) in his work SheyareiKnesses Hagedolahwrites that in Izmir the chazzan would say the names of Haman and his children very loudly so the children would hear it and bang on the floor;[45] this was the intention of the Orchos Chaim. The banging was only done this one time during the Megillah.However, it's worth pointing out that eventually the banging was abolished completely in Izmir.[46]
Rabbi Yuzpeh Shamash (1604-1678) of Worms writes that noise was made only when the Haman of “asseres bnei Haman” was said.[47] The Mekor Chaim writes the same but adds that woman and children did stamp their feet when Haman’s name was mentioned.[48]The Ben Ish Chai writes that the community would bang when “asseres bnei Haman” was read in Bagdad, but he himself would stamp with his foot after the first and last Haman.[49]
R' Avrhom Chaim Naeh writes:
בעיה"ק חברון ת"ו, שהצבור היו אומרים עשרת בני המן לפני שהבעל קורא אומרם, ובזמן זה היו התינוקות מכים, ואחר כך אומרם הקורא מתוך המגילה. ויש לומר, דמשום זה זכו עשרת בני המן שהציבור יקרא אותם תחלה, כדי שיוכלו לספוג המכות, דבזמן שהקורא אומרם אי אפשר להכות כיון שצריך לאמרם בנשימה אחת [קצות השולחן, הערות למעשה, עמ'קמו].
We find a few sources showing that attempts were made to abolish the minhag but for the most part they were unsuccessful.
In her memoirs, Pauline Wengeroff (b. 1833 in Minsk) wrote: "Whenever the hateful name of Haman was heard the men stamped their feet and the young people made an uproar with shrill graggers. My father was irritated by this and forbade it but it was of no use; every year people did it again".[50] Her father was R' Epstein, a talmid of R’ Dovid Tevel, author of Nachalas Dovid who was a talmid of R' Chaim Volozhiner.[51]
R' Yosef Ginsburg writes that it best to bang only when Haman's name is mentioned with his father's, as done in communities in Lita and Rasin.[52]
In a memoir written describing Kovno the author relates how a local talmid chacham unsuccessfully tried to convince the children not to throw firecrackers during the Megillahlaining.[53]
In a letter written in Telz in 1915 R' Avraham Eliyhau Kaplan notes that Purim has passed and the children have already made their disturbances with their graggers.[54]
According to the Orach Hashulchan, one should make sure that the noise does not get out of control; otherwise it is preferable to hear the Megillah at home with a minyan.[55]
Sources that they did bang
Still, it appears that for the most part, the minhag remained.
R' Yair Chaim Bachrach writes:
כלי נקישה שעושין לתינוקות לנקש כמו בפורים יזהר גדול מלטלטלו, אבל ביד התינוקות אין מוחין, כ"ש כשחל פורים ביום א'כשהולכין בערב לבה"כ [מקור חיים, סי'שמג]
This appears to be some sort of noise maker.
R' Yakov Emden brings down that his father the Chacham Tzvi used to bang with his feet when Haman's name was said during the Megilah.[56]
In the cynical, anonymous, satire Ketav Yosher, first printed in 1794 (and attributed to Saul Berlin), we find one of the Minhaghim he makes fun of is the banging by Haman.[57]
In 1824 a parody called the Sefer Hakundos (trickster) was printed in Vilna. This parody was written by a maskil as a vicious attack on the Jews of the time poking fun at many things. The plus about this parody is we get a very interesting glimpse into Jewish life in those days.[58] When talking about Purim he writes "He (the trickster) must bang with all his strength for a long time every time Haman's name is mentioned until he is either thrown out or quieted down. If he gets thrown out due to his long banging even better and he must scream welcome when Haman's name is said".
See herewhat On the Main line brings about New York in 1841.
In a very informative Memoir describing life in Lithuania in the 1880's the author describes: "We all went to the Synagogue equipped with our Haman Dreiers… and each time the reader of the Megillah… mentioned the name haman the nosie of the rattles was deafening".[59]
In a diary describing Russia in the 1890s the author writes: "At every mention of Haman's name there are general cries while the children howl and make as much noise as possible with graggers…the adults beat their pews with sticks as a token of their desire to beat Haman".[60]
S. Ansky writes in his memoirs of World War One: “On Purim I went to Synagogue to hear the reading of the book of Esther. At the the mention of Haman’s name the children traditionally make noise say by clapping but when these children tried to clap, though very softly, their frightened parents hastily shushed them. Why didn’t they let the children make noise? I asked somebody afterword. Someone might object he stammered. Try and prove that they meant the ancient Haman and not the present one.”[61]
R' Elayshiv, zt”l, never stopped the crowd from making noise but he himself did not.[62]
Jews in the Eyes of Gentiles
Many of sources of information about how various minhaghim were observed come from non-Jews or meshumadim, which must obviously be used with caution because some of these writers were tendentious or may not have fully understood what they observed or heard of even if they tried to be objective. These accounts however seem sound.
Johannes Buxtorf (1564-1629) writes in his Synagoga Judaica: " There is also the custom that as often as the name of Haman is mentioned the young Jews knock him, and there is a great commotion. They used to have two stones, on one of which was written "Haman," and they knocked them together until the name had disappeared, and they said and called out: Jimmach Schmo, his name shall be blotted out, or, Schem reschaim jirkabh, the name of the wicked shall rot. Arur Haman, cursed be Haman…".[63]
In a letter written by John Greenhalgh in 1662 to a minster friend of his we find the following description of his visit to a shul: "My Rabbi invited me afterwards to come and see the feast of Purim which they kept he said for the deliverance from Haman's conspiracy mentioned in the Book of Esther in which they use great knocking and stamping when Haman is named”.[64]
In the Present State of the Jews (1675) Lancelot Addison writes: "Both the women and children…at the naming of Haman make a hideous noise with their hands and stamping with their feet.”
Johann Eisenmenger (1654-1704) writes that “the boys… clench their fists and strike them together, and hissing at the name of Haman make a mighty noise".[65]
In the Ceremonies of the Present Jews (1728) we find: "They clap their hands or beat the benches to signify that they curse [Haman]".[66]
In the book Religion, Ceremonies and Prayers of the Jews the pseudonymous Gamaliel Ben Pedazhur (1738) writes: “All the Jews, young and old, stamp their feet on the floor… the children generally have hammers with them at the synagogue… this is done by way of rendering [Haman’s] memory asobnoxious as they can.”
Hyam Isaacs in Ceremonies Customs Rites and Traditions of the Jews, first printed in 1794, writes (second edition, 1836, p. 89): "and as often as the reader mentions the name Haman… it is customary for the children, who have little wooden hammers to knock against the wall as a memorial that they should endeavor to destroy the whole seed of Amalek".
In his notes, a Christian traveler describes the events of a visit of his in a shul in Jerusalem, he also writes how the kids would make noise with graggers whenever haman's name was said and the adults would bag with their feet or sticks.[67]
Reasons for this Custom
What follows from all this is that according to some Rishonim it ties specifically to Shem Rishoim Yirkavwhere as others tie it to Mochoh Timcha Es Zeicher Amalek. According to some it was done specifically by the children; according to others it was also done by adults. Some sources report it as being done after the Megilah reading; others say it was done during the Megilah reading.
The Rama (S.A. 690:17), after bringing some of the earlier sources for this custom, writes that one should not abolish or make fun of any custom because there was a good reason for its establishment.
It is interesting that the Rama, who brings many customs throughout his work, specifically chose this case to spell out this rule.[68] Two, the Magan Avrohom specifically here (690:22) has a lengthy discussion as to various "halachos" of Minhaghim. The question is, why?
Throughout history there were many who were against the "banging of Haman". So the question is, what lies behind this Minhag. If we can understand that then perhaps we can better understand the Rama and Magan Avrohom.
To backtrack a bit, the Gemara in Sanhedrin(64b) mentions something about jumping on Purim "k’mashvarta d’puria." R' Nissim Gaon and Rashi understand this to be referring to fires that the children made to jump through on Purim. But the Aruch says that it refers to a minhag to make an effigy of Haman that the children would hang from the roofs and burn on Purim, dancing and singing around it.[69] This is mentioned by others such as such as the Orchos Chaim[70] and Avudraham[71] as well as in Mesechtas Purim by R. Kalonymus ben Kalonymus (1286-1328).
Many have also noted that in the year 408 (!) a law was passed banning the Jewish custom of burning an effigy of Haman on a gallows in the form of a cross.[72]
In Yemen they did not “bang” but fashioned a man out wood, dressed him up and dragged him around the whole day before hanging him in effigy.[73] The same was done in Baghdad[74] and other communities.[75]
Another minhag related to all this; R' Tzvi Hirsch Koidonover in his classic work Kav Hayashar brings from his Rebbe R' Yosef MeDubnov that R' Heschel[76]{known as the Rebbe R' Heshel} had a custom when he tested out his writing instrument he used to write either the name Haman or Amalek and then he would erase it to "fulfil"Mocho Timcha Es Zeicher Amalek.[77]
The significance of this source is this work was first printed in 1705-1706 in both Hebrew and Yiddish and was printed over eighty times! It was extremely popular amongst all kinds of readers so this custom of R' Heschel was very famous.
An additional reason for the widespread popularity of this custom was that the Sefer Zechirah from R' Zecariah Simnar also brings it, first printed in 1709.[78] This work was extremely popular in its time and was printed over 40 times.
It appears that all this has to do with bothShem Rishoim Yirkavand Mochoh Timcha Es Zeicher Amalek.
But why did they do this?
What follows is an adaptation of Shut Mili D’avos (3:13) by R' Yisroel Margolis Yafeh, a talmid of the Chasam Sofer, 9 with some additions and elaboration):
The Torah enjoins us to remember what Amalek did to us. The question is how do we go about doing this, and how often do we need to? The Arizal had a custom to say it every day.[79] What is behind this? It's to remind us how Amalek set out to completely destroy us. But it also represents our other enemies throughout time, even if they are not direct descendants of Amalek.
The Chinuch writes that the reason for this mitzvah is to impress upon us that whoever oppresses us is hated by Hashem and that their punishment is commensurate with their wrongdoing.[80]
Doing an action helps us remember.
The banging is to help us remember that part of what we are doing is Mocho Timcha Es Zeicher Amalek, when we read the Megilah. Furthermore it takes time to read the Megilah so to constantly remind us, we bang. It's also to keep us awake during the leining,[81] but even more so, writes R' Margolis Yaffe, that similar to Pesach where we do many things for the children's sake, on Purim as well the children were also saved from this decree of Haman. To get them to learn and remember about Purim we do all this, i.e. have them bang etc. Therefore it is not considered a Hefsekto bang or say Shem Rishoim Yirkav.
In various Rishonim we find a custom to say certain Pisukim of the Megilah out loud. The reason given is that it adds to the Simcha[82] while some add to this that it's specifically for the children.[83]
On Rosh Hashonah we have a custom to eat various fruits and say Tefilos. Many ask why we do this. Numerous Achronim,[84] when explaining this Minhag point to a Ramban[85] who writes that when an action is done down here it has an affect 'upstairs' causing something on earth to happen. To illustrate this a bit better this Ramban is used to explain numerous issues. There is a custom amongst some that when they say Poseach Es Yodecha during Ashrei, where one is supposed to have in mind about asking Hashem for parnasha, they keep their hands open to "receive" the parnasa.[86]
When an action is done 'down here' it has an affect 'upstairs', thereby causing something to happen in the physical world.[87] When we make noise when Haman’s name is mentioned, it “triggers” Hashem to destroy Amalek and our other enemies. This, R' Dovid Pardo in his work on the Sifrei writes, is what is behind this Mitzvah of "Remembering what Amalek did to us" and why some say it daily.[88]
Moreover, when R' Yehudah Hachasid was asked why we bang on the walls when Haman is mentioned, he answered that they do the same thing in gehinom.[89]
Connected to all this is the second reason brought for banging by Haman which is Shem Rishoim Yirkav.
The Nezer Hakodesh explains that when evil people are cursed it has a great effect on their punishments in gehinom[90]. According to some this lies behind the reason when referring to Yoshkah we say Yeshu (Yud-Shin-Vav) as it’s the abbreviation of Yemoch shemo Vizichro[91]. With this we can easily understand its connection to Haman and the banging by Haman, all of the above explanations lie behind the custom.
R' Eliezer Hakalir even wrote a piyyutfor Parshas Zachor in which one says “yimach shemo vezichro” after every (other) stanza.[92]
Another reason is found in the Kaf Naki. He writes that we find Jews, children and adults, from all over, bang with sticks and stones for Haman as if he is still alive. He writes that although the Goyim mock us for this, there is a sound reason for all the commotion. The reason is to remind us that Haman and other enemies were destroyed by Hashem, therefore we bang and make a big deal to remind us of this fact and so that the children will learn that if another enemy rises against us, he too will be destroyed.[93]
Perhaps with all this we can understand why the Rama wrote about Minhaghim not to make fun of them; to teach us that even though it appears to not make sense to us, there is more to the story.
[1]The first large collection of sources on this subject was printed by Yom Tov Lewnsky, Keisad Hekahu Es Haman Betufuzos Yisroel, 1947, 89 pp. For other useful collections on this topic see; Rabbi Avrohom Levinson, Mekorei Ha-Minhaghim, Siman 62;R' Shem Tov Gagin, Keser Shem Tov, 2, pp. 542-545; S. Ashkenazi, Dor Dor Uminhagahv, pp. 98-104;Rabbi Gedaliah Oberlander, Minhag Avosenu Beydenu, 2, pp. 307-324; Rabbi Tuviah Freund, Moadim Li-Simcha, 3, pp. 299-323; Pardes Eliezer, (Purim) pp. 186- 252; Rabbi Gur-Aryeh, Chikrei Minhaghim,1, pp. 218-222; Rabbi Rabinowitz, Iyuni Halachot, 3,pp. 488-515; Daniel Sperber, Minhagei Yisroel, 3, pp. 156-159; 4, pp. 331-333; 6, pp. 242-246; Ibid, Keisad Mackim Es Haman, 47 pp. See also M. Reuter, The Smiting of Haman in the Material Culture of Ashkenzai Communities: Developments in Europe and the Revitalized Jewish Culture in Israel- Tradition and Innovation, (PhD Hebrew University 2004) (Heb.). Another important work that was very helpful for this topic is Eliot Horowitz, Reckless Rites, Princeton 2006. I hope to deal with all this more in depth in the future.
[2] Yerushalmi, Megillah, 3:7. See the comments of the Korban HaEdah; Shiurei Korban; R' Eliyahu Hacohen, Midrash Eliyhau, 89b; R' Shlomo Kluger, Chochmas Shlomo, 690. See also R' Ratner, Ahavas Tzion Vi-Yerushlayim, Megillahpp. 77-78; S. Abramson, Rav Nissim Gaon, p. 279; R' Yissachar Tamar, Alei Tamar, Megillah, pp. 142-144; R'Palagi, Yafeh Li-Lev, 690:6-7.
[3] Mesechtas Sofrim, 14:6-7. See the Mikra Sofrim (on Mesechtas Sofrim), and the sources in the Higger edition of Mesechtas Sofrim, pp.254-255. For other versions of this Chazal, see the MidrashBereishis Rabbah (Theodore-Albeck), pp. 496-497; Yalkut Makheri Mishleiprinted from manuscript by Yakov Spiegel, Sidra 1 (1985), pp. 123-125; Torah Sheleimah, Esther, p. 62. 200; Esther Rabbah, (Tabori and Atzmon Ed.) pp. 178-179, 114-115, [on this new edition see here].
[4] On the Piyyut Asher Heni see I. Davidson, Otzar Hashira Vehapiyyut 1, p. 372, #8215; R' Fack, Yemei Mishteh Vsimcha, pp. 158-161; Avrohom Frankel, "Asher heniya - toldoteha shel berakhah mefuyetet, available on the Piyyut website here; Rabbi Yakov Stahl. Segulah(2012), p. 32, no. 30-31.
[5] On the exact Nussach of Shoshanas Yakov and the censors see R' Yakov Laufer, Mei-Soncino Vi-ad Vilna, pp. 41-43; Sefer HaZikuk in Italia 18 (2008), p. 183.
[6] Some Rishonim assume it is referring to a Piyyut; See Sefer Hamanhig, 1, p. 242; Zror Ha-Chaim, p. 118; Shita leMesechtas Megillah, pp. 34-35; Avudraham, p. 209; Rashash, Megillah7b; Meir Rafeld, Nitivei Meir, p. 198. I hope to return to this topic; for now see Rafeld, ibid, pp. 190-209.
[7] Sefer Hamanhig, 1, pp. 242-243.
[8] Orchos Chaim, Purim, 41. The Beis Yosef (690) appears to have a different version of the Orchos Chaim than we have. On the Orchos Chaim, see Dr. Pinchas Roth, Later Provencal Sages- Jewish Law and Rabbis in Southern France,1215-1348, (PhD Hebrew University 2012), pp. 38-41.
[9]Avudraham, p. 209. I believe this addition is not a quote from the Manhig, contra Y. Rafael (in his notes to Sefer Hamanhig, 1, pp. 242) and others appear to have understood the Avudraham.
Regarding the source of this Midrash, Rashi at the end of Kee Sisa brings such a Midrash. The Minchas Chinuch writes he does not know the source for it (Mitzvah 604) The Aderes (Chesbonot Shel Mitzvah, pp. 377-378) and R' Meir Simcha point to the Mechilta in Beshalach [See Mechiltah Di R' Yishmael at the end of Parshas Bishalach and the Mechiltah Di Rashbi, p. 126; R' Menachem Kasher, Torah Sheleimah, Beshalach p. 270 (120), 274 (130); See also Menachem Kahana, Hamechiltos Li Parshas Amalek, pp. 190-191, 194, 314, 355. See also the important comments of Daniel Sperber, Minhagei Yisroel, 4, pp. 331-333.
[10]Meorot Rishonim, pp. 168-169.
[11]Shibolei Haleket, Purim, 200. See also the Tanyah Rabosi (Purim, 40) who says the same.
[12] Sefer HaTadir, p. 209. On this work see R' Rafael Nosson Rabinowitz, Ohel Avrohom, pp. 14-15.
[13]Machzor Ki-Minhag Roma(1485) in the 2012 reprint p. 62a. See Yitzchack Yudolov, Kovetz Mechkarim Al Machzor Ki-Minhag Bnei Roma (2012), p. 34, and pp. 32-33. M. Gidman, Ha-Torah Ve-Hachaim, 2, pp. 189-190 brings another Italian Machzor from manuscript that says the same. See also E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites, p. 272.
[14] Shulchan Orach, p. 84.
[15] Maharil, pp. 427-428. On this work see the Y. Pelles, The Book Of Maharil According to its autograph manuscripts and its specialty as a Multi-Draft versions work (PHD, Bar Ilan University 2005).
[16]Darchei Moshe, 690. See Magan Avrohom, 690:19 who brings down the Maharil.
[17]See Shut Maharam Shick, Y.D. # 216
[18] Maharil, p. 428, note 6.
[19]Eshkol Hakofer, 9:32. About him see the introduction to the recent edition of his work Tzror Hachaim, Jerusalem 2014.
[20]End of parshas Ki Sisa.
[21]Ki Sisa, 25:2.
[22]Levush, 690:17.
[23]Mateh Moshe, 1006.
[24] S.A. 690:17
[25] On this work See Jean Baumgarten, "Prayer, Ritual and Practice in Ashkenazic Jewish Society: The Tradition of Yiddish Custom Books in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries", Studia Rosenthaliana, Vol. 36, (2002-2003), pp. 121-146.
[26]The Magan Avrhom (690:19) says to be careful not to miss words [See the Noheg Ketzon Yosef p. 200 who says the same]. The Magan Avrhom says to say a pasuk or two from the Chumash (because might have missed it). However the Mekor Chaim says this is only if you have a kosher Megillah.
[27]690:17.
[28] Sharei Tzion, 690:57.
[29]Igrot Moshe(O.C., 1:192). R' Moshe deals with the intention of the Yerushalmi and more. See also Chazon Ovaadiah, pp. 93-94; Haghot Pnei Menachem, (printed in the back of the Zichron Aron Levush).
[30] 690:21. See the important comment of the Machtzis Hashekel. See also the Yafeh Mareh on the Midrash Raba on parshas Va-Yayra 49:1.
[31] There is much more to this story, depending on the exact Girsa in the various Midrashim that talk about saying 'Aror Haman Ubanuv'. I hope to return to this in the future; for now see the important notes in Midrash Rabah (Theodore-Albeck), pp. 496-497; Yalkut Makheri Mishleiprinted from manuscript by Yakov Spiegel, Sidra 1 (1985), pp. 123-125. See also the important Teshuvah of R' Yissachar Teichtal, Mishnat Sachir, siman 228-229 where he deals with when exactly do we say Shoshanas Yakov, which relates to all this.
[32] Sefer Ha-Minhaghim Li R' Avrohom Klozner (2006), p. 74. On this work see Rachel Mincer, Liturgical Minhaghim Books: The Increasing Reliance on written texts in late Medieval Ashkenaz, (PhD JTS, 2012), pp. 91-149.
[33] Sefer HaMinhaghim Li R Issac Tirina, (2000), p. 48 # 55. On the authorship of these notes see the Introduction Ibid.
[34] Maagalei Tzedek, (2000), pp. 175-176. I hope to return to this work in the near future.
[35] Takonot Kandyah, pp. 130-131. See also the Kitzur Shelah, p. 88a, who describes a similar incident. For the most recent work on R' Capsali see: Aledia Paudice, Between Several Worlds: The life and writings of Elia Capsali, Munchen 2010.
[36] Shelah, p. 87a.
[37] The Mishna Berurah quotes this but it's not clear what his outcome with all this is.
[38] Printed in Meir Benayhu, Yosef Bechiri, p. 437,418.
[39] Seder Hayom, p. 240.
[40]Keser Shem Tov (above note 1).
[41]See Niveh Sholom, Dinei Purim, 7; Na-har Mitzrayim, pp, 52b-53b.
[42] Siman 62. See also R' Yakov Reifman, Ha-maggid (1858), issue # 11, p. 44.
[43] Chazon Ovadiah, Purim, pp. 62-63.
[44] Shut Gevurot Eliyhau, p. 209.
[45] ShireiKnesses Hagedolah, 690. About him see the recent work of Yakov Barnai, HaMaruh Shel Europia, Jerusalem 2014.
[46] Yafeh Li-Lev, 690:15.
[47] Minhaghim De-Kehal Vermeizah, (1988), pp. 259-260.
[48] Mekor Chaim, 690.
[49]Ben Ish Chai, first year, Parshas Tzaveh, 10.
[50]Pauline Wengeroff, Memoirs of a Grandmother, 2010, p. 113
[51] Her father authored an important work called Minchas Yehudah. On this work see S. Abramson, Sinai,112 (1993), pp.1-24; N. Steinschneider, Ir Vilna, pp. 248-249.
[52] Itim LeBinah, p. 237.
[53] Yoser Yasrani, 1, p. 168.
[54] Be-Eikvot Ha-Yeriah, p. 162,
[55] Oruch hashulchan, 690:23.
[56] Siddur R' Yakov Emden2, p. 472.
[57]Prakim BeSatira Haivrit(1979), p.93.
[58] See the critical edition of this work printed in 1997, p. 67.
[59]Benjamin Gordon, Between Two worlds: The Memoirs of a Physician, p. 37.
[60]M. Zunser, Yesterday, p.42.
[61]The Enemy at his Pleasure (p. 284).
[62] I witnessed this myself a few times when I davened there. See also Halichos VeHanhagot, (Purim), p. 14; Ish El haedah, 2, p. 275.
[63] Synagoga Judaica, pp. 556-557.
[64]Dr. A. Cohen, An Anglo-Jewish Scrapbook 1600-1840, London 1943, p. 267. See also Ibid, p. 260.
[65]Johann Eisenmenger, The Traditions of the Jews, U.S.A. 2006, p. 853. On this work see E. Carlebach, Divided Souls, London 2001, pp. 212-221.
[66]Ceremonies of the Present Jews, p. 44.
[67]Masei Notzrim Le Eretz Yisroel, p. 802.
[68] See Maharatz Chayes, Darchei Horaah, pp.235-235. For general information about the importance of Minhaghim, see R' Heller, Maoz Hadat, Chapter 3.
[69]Aruch, s.v. Shvar quoted by the Rama in Darchei Moshe (690). See R' Yakov Shor, Mishnat Yakov, pp. 398-399; S. Abramson, Rav Nissim Gaon, p. 278; Sefer haManhig, Mossad Harav Kook ed. vol. 1, pp. 249; Herman H. Pollack, Jewish Folkways in Germanic Lands (1648-1806), pp. 175-177,328.
[70] Orchos Chaim, Purim, 42.
[71] Avudraham, p. 209.
[72] See Yom Tov Lewnsky, (above note one), p. 16; Daniel Sperber, Minhagei Yisroel, 1, p.17; E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites, pp. 213-217; Sarit Gribetz, "Hanged and crucified: The book of Esther and Toledot Yeshu", in Toledot Yeshu Revisited, (Peter Schafer and others ed.), Tubingen 2011, pp. 171-175. See also another early source that appears to be alluding to this, Shirat Bnei Ma-Aravah (Yahlom and Sokolof ed.), pp. 216-217, 33.
See also Levi Ginsburg, Shut Ha-Geonim Min Hagenizah New York 1909, pp. 1-3; R. S. Schick, Sefer Haminhaghim p. 51a; Korot Luv Ve-Yhudehah, p. 198; Israel Davidson, Parody in Jewish Literature, pp. 21-22; E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites, pp. 93-106.See also R' Reuven Margolis, Margaliyot Hayam, Sanhadrin 64 b (17-18); Israel Yuval, Two Nations in your Womb, pp.165-166; T. Gaster, Festivals of the Jewish Year, pp. 227-229.
[73]See Rabbi Yosef Kapach, Haleichos Teiman (1968), p. 40. Earlier about Teiman the famous traveler R' Yakov Sapir already describes this, Even Sapir, pp, 86b-87a[R' Reuven Margolis Nefesh Chayah, 690].
[74]See R' Dovid Sasson, Maseh Bavel, p. 226.
See the nice collection of sources about this in Pineinim 54 (2012); Pineinim 55, (letters to the Editor); Pineinim 64, (letter to the editor) [Thanks to Yisachar Hoffman for sending me these sources].
[75] This kind of stuff gets out of control in 1932 some youngsters made such a Mock Haman out of R Kook! See Rabbi S. Goren's autobiography, With Might and strength (Heb.), p. 68; R' Menachem Porush, Besoch Hachomos, (1948), pp. 323-324. See also the recent collection of Material on this called "Einei Yochel Lehashlim Im Das Hakanoyim".
[76]E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites, p. 109 identifies this R' Heshel incorrectly to be R' Heshel Zoref. However already in the first edition printed by the author in the Yiddish part he writes he is referring to R' Heshel Av Beis Din of Cracow. See also R' Shmuel Ashkenazi's notes to the Kav Ha-Yosher(1999), p. 23.
[77]Kav Ha-Yosher, ch. 99; Yesod Yosef, Ch. 82. On this work see: Y. Schachar, Bikurot Hachevrah, pp. 3-6; Jean Baumgarten, 'Eighteenth-Century Ethico-Mysticism in Central Europe: the "Kav ha-yosher" and the Tradition', Studia Rosenthaliana, Vol. 41, Between Two Words: Yiddish-German Encounters (2009), pp. 29-51; see also his Introduction to old Yiddish Literature, index; Yakov Elbaum, 'Kav Ha-Yashar: Some remarks on its structure, content and literary sources', Chut Shel Chein (heb.), pp. 15-64. On the Yesod Yosef, see: Yeshurun3 (1997), pp. 685-687.
[78]Sefer Zechirah, (1999), p. 273.See R' Shmuel Ashkenazi's notes to the Kav Ha-Yosher (1999), pp. 4-5. On this work see my Likutei Eliezer, pp. 13-25. For additional sources on this see E. Horowitz, Reckless Rites, pp. 107-109; Pardes Yosef,Devarimbeis, pp. 1077-1078 [Thanks to Professor Yakov Speigel for pointing me to this source].
[79] See Olat Tamid (O.C. 1:6); Magan Avrohom 60:2 See also his important comment in his Zayis Raanan, p. 51 b; Radal, Pirkei Di R' Eliezer, Ch.44:5 (Haghot); Malbim, Artzos Hachaim, Eretz Yehudah, 1:4; Moshe Chalamish, Chikrei Kabbaah UTefilah, pp. 209-226 who collects numerous sources on this topic. See also: Aderes, Chesbonot Shel Mitzvah, pp. 382-383; R' Zevin, Leor Ha-Halacha, (2004), pp. 270-278; Encyclopedia Talmudit, 12, pp. 217-223.
[80]Chinuch, Mitzvah 603.
[81] Some say this is why some pesukim of the Megilah are read out loud by everyone (see more on this further on).
[82]Sefer Hamanhig, 1, p. 243.
[83] See Yakov Spiegel, Pischei Tefilah UMoed, pp. 195-204.
[84] See for example R' Margolis in his Shut Machlos Hamachanyim, pp. 27b-28a.
[85]Breishis, 12:6; 48:22.
[86] R' Yosef ben Naim, Noheg BiChochma, pp. 167-168. See Daniel Sperber, Minhagei Yisroel, 3, pp. 113-172.
[87] See Daniel Sperber, Minhagei Yisroel, 3, pp. 113-172.
[88]Sifri DeBei Rav, 4, (1990), pp. 181-183.
[89]Meorot Rishonim, p. 171; M. Gidman, Ha-Torah Ve-Hachaim, 1, p. 121. A similar idea is found in R' Eliyahu Hacohen, Midrash Eliyhau, 89b.
[90] Nezer Hakodesh, 2, (2014) p. 400. On actual concept of Shem Rishoyim see Chida in his work Kisay Rachamim on Mesctas Sofrim, 14:7 I hope to return to this in the future.
[91] R' Avigdor Hazarfati, p. 414. For additional sources on this see R' Hamberger, Mishichei Sheker Umisnagdeyium, (2009), pp. 121-122.
[92] In the recently discovered Pirish from the Beis Medrash of Rashi on the piutim [Piyutim LeArbah Parshiyous, (2013), p. 77] it says the reason for saying Yemoch shemo Vizichro in this piyyut is because of the Medrash quoted earlier.
[93] Kaf Naki, Lud 2014, pp. 95-96. The Chida brings this piece down from manuscript in his Machzik Beracha, Kuntres Achron, Siman 687 and in his Midbar Kadmot, Ois peh:12.