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Mehalekhet Bi-Darka โ€“ A Review Essay

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Mehalekhet Bi-Darkaโ€“ A Review Essay

ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”: ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื›ืชื™-ืขืจื›ื™,
ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืข"ื“, 567 ืขืž'

Yaelย  Levine

The author holds a Ph.D. from the Talmud department at Bar Ilan University. She is the author of numerous articles related to women in Judaism. She recently published "Tefillot Li-Tevilla".

The following article is a critical review of the recently published book in Hebrew โ€œMehalekhet Bi-Darkaโ€, a compilation of articles by Malka Peuterkovsky. The present review focuses on the chapter concerning women and the recitation of kaddish. Several highlights from the Hebrew review will now be mentioned, and the readers are encouraged to read the Hebrew review in its entirety for the full spectrum of comments.

Peuterkovsky attempts to offer a new interpretation of the classic teshuva by the Havvot Yair according to which he didnโ€™t forbid the recitation of kaddish. However, this interpretation is unfounded and is based upon a lack of knowledge of halakhic terminology. She seeks to criticize Rav Bacharach in an unjustifiable manner, and her various discussions concerning this teshuva may be refuted.

Peuterkovsky utilizes a letter written by Henrietta Szold concerning the recitation of kaddish, and refers to this letter in a halakhic context. However, in her letter Szold raised no halakhic reasoning. Peuterkovsky refrained from mentioning that Szold held progressive Jewish beliefs. She was instrumental in the formation of an egalitarian minyan, together with Reform Rabbi Judah Magnes, which shortened the nussah of the tefilla, and omitted mention of the sacrifices.

The author utilizes sources from the responsum of Rabbi David Golinkin on the topic of women reciting kaddish, in its Hebrew version. This influence is particularly evident with regard to โ€œSefer Ha-Hayyimโ€which she copies and compounds an inaccuracy found in Golinkinโ€™s work.

In several instances Peuterkovsky quotes excerpts from sources which are misleading. Thus, she quotes short passages in which the poskim express a theoretical position in favor of the recitation of kaddish by women, but refrains from stating that their actual psakis in direct contrast to the notion they mentioned in these quotes. Peuterkovsky erroneously explains the Beโ€™er Heitev. She quotes the work โ€œMaโ€™ayan Ganimโ€ from the โ€œTorah Temimahโ€, who himself quoted from a second-hand source which didnโ€™t hand over an exact rendering of the text. She also relies upon the incorrect background information concerning the work and its author taken from Rabbi Baruch Epstein.

The chapter on women and kaddish in Peuterkovskyโ€™s book in replete with mistakes, and canโ€™t be relied upon. The present review also refers to some problematic discussions in the book.



"ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ืžืืช ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ โ€“
ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ

ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ

ืžื‘ื•ื

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”: ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื›ืชื™-ืขืจื›ื™"ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื”"ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื–ื” (ืขืž' 257โ€“295, 539โ€“542). ื•ื”ื ื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจืง, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื•. ืืงื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื ืงื™ืŸ.1ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืจื˜, ื”ืคืจืง ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืึฐื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืจืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืจืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ื‘ืจ-ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืฉืžื ืืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.

ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ โ€“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื ืจืื•ื™

ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ(ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื›ื‘), ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืœื” ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจืš ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชืืžืจ ื”ื‘ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื. ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืคืจื ืกื™ื• ืœื ืžื™ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš ื ืฉืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืœื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืกืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืืกื™ืคื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืช". ื–ืืช ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ืœืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจืชื•, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช" (ืขืž' 274). ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, "ื•ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื–ืืช?" (ืฉื). ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื: "ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ!" (ืขืž' 277). ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืคืฉื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืืกื•ืจื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืื• ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ืžื—ื”". ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื ืฅ, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžื™ื ืฅ: "... ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื [=ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ] ืžื ื”ื’ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื›ื ืฉื•ื ืชืงื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ื“ืื™ืŸ [=ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ] ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืœื• ืžื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื”" (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ืž ืžื™ื ืฅ, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืžื‘, ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื’, ืขืž'ืงืขื•). ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืช"ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžื™ื ืฅ, ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจืชื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆืขืชื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืกืžื•ืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืœื”: "ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ืžื”" (ืขืž' 277). ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืž' 138, 144, 148โ€“149), ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืกืžื•ื›ื•.

ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื (ืขืž' 270โ€“271). ืœืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงื˜ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ื–ื‘ื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขื˜ืจืช ืคื– (ื—ืœืง ื, ื›ืจืš ื, ืื•"ื—, ื‘). ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื—ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžื™ื ืฅ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ืž ืžื™ื ืฅ, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืžื‘, ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืค, ืขืž'ืฉืคื”). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืžืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžื™ื ืฅ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืืช ืจ'ืืœืขื–ืจ ืคืœืงืœืก ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” (ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืคืจืื’ 1815, ืืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจื›ื˜, ื™ื•"ื“, ื™ ืข"ื). ื›ืš ื—ื›ื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ื”ืŸ ืืžืช ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘", ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžื™ื ืฅ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ืงื˜ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” (ืขืž' 280โ€“281), ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืจืื” ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“ื™ืฉ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช )ืขืž' 275) ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ'ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืก, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ "ืื™ืŸ ื›ื-ืœื”ื™ื ื•". ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื ื›ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืชื•ื, ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉื’ื ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืจ'ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, "ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื’ื ื™ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืชืืžืจื ื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ" (ืฉื) ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื’ืจืข ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื”', ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืชื. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืงื ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื. ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื (ืขืž' 540, ื”ืขืจื” 10) ื”ื™ื ืžืื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ืžื”ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข, ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ.ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข (ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืž' 127).

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืžื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื•. ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกื— "ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื•", ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื•". ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื "ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื"ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื". ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกื— ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื”. ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช; ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ื.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืœ "ื”ืฉื•ืืœื™ื" (ืขืž' 266) ืฉืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื•ืกื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื˜ื•ืจื—ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจ'ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืž"ื‘ ืœืจื ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ "ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื ื ื•ื”ืžืช"ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืืกื•ืคื•ืช" (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 269; 540, ื”ืขืจื” 11), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื, ื”ืขืจื” 12). ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, "ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ: ืžืงื•ืจื•, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื•.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืœืจื ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื ื ื•ื”ืžืช", ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืืžืจื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค'ืจืœื” ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, "ื”ืชื ื ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“"ื‘"ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™".2 ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘"ื–, ืืœื ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื•.

ื•ื”ืจื™ ื—ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ื ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืขืž' 539, ื”ืขืจื” 7). ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื™"ื“ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฆื™ื˜ื˜. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืืจืช ืขืœื™ื•.

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ืžืจืื” ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื: "ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื (ืื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืจืข"ื”, 1915, ืขืž'ืช"ื , ื“"ื” (ืœ"ื‘), ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™" (ืขืž' 540, ื”ืขืจื” 8). ืื•ืœืื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื˜ืœื” ืื•ืชื•; ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื”ื 457โ€“458, ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืชืจืข"ื” ื‘ื” ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช. (ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ "ืขืžื•ื“ ืช"ื "ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืœืงื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืืกืฃ ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื). ื ื•ืกื— ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืžื ื ื‘ืขืž' 450, ืืš ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืื•ืช ืœื‘, ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™", ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ"; ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื "ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื", ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›"ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื". ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื”ื“ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ืœ-ื‘ื• (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื™ื“) (ืขืž' 269). ืื•ืœื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืžื“) ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช.

ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจืš "ืงื“ื™ืฉ"ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขืž' 275), ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืกื›ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืืžืจ ืฉื, ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื ื ื”ื’ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ื•ื”ื ื”, ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•.

ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืงืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื: "ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืฆื•ื™, ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?" (ืขืž' 274). ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื›ื ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื’ืžืชื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ืจ'ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™, ื”ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกืชืžืš ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืช (ืขืž' 269), ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื”ืจืฉืื” ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืขื•ื’ืŸ.

ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกื•ืœื“

ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงืจืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกื•ืœื“ (1860โ€“1945) ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืืžื”ึผ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1916 ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจืฅ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ (ืขืž' 260โ€“261). ืกื•ืœื“ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื” ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืืžื”ึผ ืฉืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืืžืจื• ื–ืืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ืœื“ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ืืžืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื "ืฉื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• [ืืช] ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื ืชื™ื ืชืง ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื•".

ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื"ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืชืจื’ื ื”ืงื˜ืข. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”: ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช", ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื (ืขืž' 123โ€“144). ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกื•ืœื“ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืงืžื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืงืจืืช ืจืืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืฉืžื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžืื•ื“"ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“"ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืช"ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ื›ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืขื™ืœ. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช (ืขืž' 541, ื”ืขืจื” 22), ื•ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืขืชืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื˜ืœื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืขื™ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื.

ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืข ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืฉื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžื”ึผ. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื•ื•ื™ โ€“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจื™ืขื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืคืฆื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืœื™ืง (ื—ืœืง ื’, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืž), ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืž' 280).

ืกื•ืœื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœื“, ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืช, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉืžืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืืžืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกื•ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžืฉื ืช 1897 ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช-ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื•ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ืฉืžืจื” ืฉื‘ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื”, ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ื ืžื ื” ื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืื’ื ืก (1877โ€“1948), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืจืคื•ืจืžื™. ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.3 ืื ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืจืืชื” ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื™ื ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื•ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืืš ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ื›"ืชื ื ื“ืžืกื™ื™ืข". ื›ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื“: "... ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืฆืืฆื ื”ืžื–ื›ื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•... ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืื• ื‘ืชื•... ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกืืœื“ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง" (ืขืž' 270). ื•ืื’ื‘ ื™ื•ืขืจ, ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื”ื•ื "ืกื•ืœื“", ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจืง.

ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ื

ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืจืคืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื.

ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ'ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจืš, ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื ืชืก"ื’, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื , ืžื˜ ืข"ื), ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืงืฆืจ: "ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืœื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื“ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื 'ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™', ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ื›ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืœื!" (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 277โ€“278). ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ (ืขืž' 128). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ืžืžื ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™'"โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื"โ€“ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ืืช. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื", ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืื—ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ื—ื•ื›ื”"ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ื—ื•ื›ื". ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉืื™ื‘ืชื•, ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื. ืื•ืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืขื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืœืจ'ืืคืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช (ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื, ื“, ื—) ื ื˜ื•ืœื” ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื–ื”ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืข (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 278; ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืขืž' 129). ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœ ืจ'ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ (ืืกื™ืคืช ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืช ืงืก), ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 278โ€“279). ื”ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ (ืขืž' 127) ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ "ืžื”ืงืจื™ืžืฆืืงื™ื". ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืžื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ "ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื", ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืข, ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, "ื•ื–ื” [ื‘]ื›ืœืœ 'ืฉื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ'", ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืœืจ'ืืœืขื–ืจ ืคืœืงืœืก ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 280โ€“281; ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ืขืž' 133).ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืœื™ืง (ื’, ื™ื•"ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืž), ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ. "ื”ื ื”, ืื ื ืœืš ืื—ืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื“ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืืžืจ ื”ื‘ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช" (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 280; ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ืขืž' 132). ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืกืง ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืช ืื ืชืฉื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ืคืกืง ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื™-ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื•ืžืชื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืกืง ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™. ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื›ืคืชื™ื— ืœืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืงื˜ืข ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื–ื” (ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘, ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื’), ืงื˜ืข ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืœื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ: "ื•ืœืžื” ื™ื™ืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื›ื ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื•ืœื, ืื ืชืืžืจ ื”ื‘ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช? ื•ืœืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื—ืœืฆื™ื•, ื•ื›ืฉืžืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ืœื ืฉืžืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ" (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 291). ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืชื™ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ. ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื’ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜, ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื”. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืกืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, "ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืื‘ืœื™ื". ืื•ืœื ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื ืžืฆืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืœืฃ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืงื•ืจื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื—ืง ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ (ืขืž' 132). ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืก, "ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืชื™ื: ืœืงื˜ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ "ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช"; ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 291โ€“292). ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื™ื“. ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžืชื™ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืื—ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืขืฆื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ. ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืชื™ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืคืกื™ืงืชื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ, ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืชืืžืฆืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืฉืืœืช ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ืงื“ื ืœืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจ (1882โ€“1968) ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื•,4ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืกืจ ื–ืืช.ืื™-ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจืžืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง, ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื ืชื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื”ื‘ืื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื–ื›ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉืื”: "ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ (ืœื—ืฆื•ืฅ - ื™"ืœ) ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ื ืฉื™ื" (ืื•"ื—, ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื‘) (ืขืž' 286). ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื–ื›ืจ ืื’ื‘ ืื•ืจื—ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ: "... ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืืฉื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื“ืงื”, ืื• ืื‘ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ..." (ืฉื). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• (ืขืž' 288). ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืงื•ื˜ืข, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื˜ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœืคื™ื• ืื™-ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื’ืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขืœื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืงื˜ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” ืื ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช (ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืž' 281). ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืคืจืกืช ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืจื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืกืคืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขืœื ืขืฆืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืจืื•ื™ ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื”"ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™ ืืš ืจืง ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื, ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ื ืงื˜ืข ื–ื”ื” ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™.

ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื–ืœื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”

ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืจ'ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื" (ืื•"ื—, ืงืœื‘, ื”; ืขืž' 280). ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืคื•ืกืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื™ืฉืจ (ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘, ื™ื•"ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฆื’; ืฉื, ืขืž' 279โ€“280). ื—ื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ(ื™ื•"ื“, ื ื’ ืข"ื), ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ (ืขืž' 278).

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืžื• ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืช, ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ืื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืช, ืืš ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื.ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื•ืœื "ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื". ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื”"ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื”ื", ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ื’ืจืฉ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืงื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื–ืœื“ื” (ืขืž' 287). ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925, ื›ืฉื–ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืกื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชืจืค"ื• (1925), ื•ืื‘ื™ื” โ€“ ื›ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืืžืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืช ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ "ื–ืœื“ื”: ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืฆื—ื•ืจื”", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”" (ืขืž' 222, 535). ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืขื ืช ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืœื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค'ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, "ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื–ืœื“ื”" (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2006, ืขืž' 14), ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื–ื›ืจ. ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื ืฉื–ืœื“ื” ื•ืืžื”ึผ ื’ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืกื“, ื•ื–ืœื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืž' 287) ื‘ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื–ืœื“ื” ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™.

ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจ'ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืงื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ ื‘"ืฉื•"ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื" (ืขืž' 295) ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ืคืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืž"ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”" (ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื˜, ืื•ืช ืžื—): "ืืžื ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื” ืœืงืจื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” โ€“ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”', ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ื”ืŸ ืชืขืœื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”'ืชืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื•ื“ืฉื•, ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจืŸ ืœืื“ืจืŸ, ืœื”ื“ืจืŸ, ืœืกื“ืจืŸ, ืœื—ื–ืง ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ืœืืžืฅ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ื•', ืขืฉื™ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื™ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื•ืš". ืื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื”ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืœื— ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžื•ื ื“ืฉื™ื™ืŸ5 ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืžื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ืžื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”"ืžืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื•, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ืข ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘"ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืกื—ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” (ืขืž' 75).

ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจ"ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฉืจ'ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืขืž' 505). ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™. ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืกืคืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื• ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืงืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™. ื’ื ืื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืคืจืกื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ืžื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื” ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช. ืžื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื•.

ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืžืืœื™ื”. ื”ืฉืงืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืืžืจื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ื’ื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ'ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืื• ื‘ืจ'ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืขืœ ื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ื ื›ื–ื”. ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืกืžื•ื›ื•.

ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื‘ื™ืื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื›ืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ืœืืžื™ืจืชื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื›ืš ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืœื™ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ื˜ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืืฆืœื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื ืจื™ืื˜ื” ืกื•ืœื“, ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœืœ. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื“ ืฉื—ืคืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ื“ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื’ื•ื™. ืจืื•ื™ ืืฃ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืคื ื” ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง "ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืขืž' 524โ€“525, ื”ืขืจื” 35), ืืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืืฉืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืื–ื›ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ืžืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ, ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ืžืชื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืขื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.

ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกืคืจ "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉ"ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื•", ื•ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš. ืื•ืœื ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจืื•ื™, ื›ืš ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื”. ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื.

ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘"ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืจืฆื™ื ื•ืชื•. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ื ืงื˜ืข ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”. ืืฃ ืคื•ืกืง ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืืช ืจืงืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื. ืขืฆื ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื™ืฉื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื ืžืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ื• ื•ืœื–ื•, ืฆื•ืจืžืช.

ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœ"ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืกืคืงืช, ื•ืื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžื˜ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื. ื–ื• ื’ื ืื–ืœืช ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš.

ืขื™ื•ื ื ื• ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ืœืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืฃ ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื. ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

ืคืจืง ื˜'ื‘"ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื”, ืžื•ืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื (ืขืž' 249, ื”ืขืจื” 10) ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกืœื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืž ืข"ื). ืคืขื ืชื‘ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ึตืจื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืœืช ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื” โ€“ ืขืœื” ืœื’ื’ ื•ืงืคืฅ ืžืžื ื•. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืจื—ืง ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืคืจืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื•ืคืกื• ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื ื–ืฃ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื—ื•. ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ "ืฉืืกื•ืจ (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ - ื™"ืœ) ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”". ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืžืžื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ืืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ึตืจื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื. ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื”ื• ื ื–ืฃ ื‘ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืขื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื“, ื™ื“) "ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืื“ื ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื".6

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื”'ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื”: "'ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ืชื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ'โ€“ ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืคืœื” โ€“ ื ืขื ื”" (ืขืž' 230). ืื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื, ืจืžื– ืขื—), ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ื, ื˜, ืขืž' 10). ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื, ื– ืข"ื‘), ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื, ืกื– ืข"ื’) ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื (ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื, ืกื“ ืข"ื’). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื“ืขื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืคืงืคืงืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ืœืœ.

ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื™ื, ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ื”ืœื›ื” ื’, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขืž'ืžื‘-ืžื’), ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื“ื ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื” ืคืืœืง (ืขืž' 91โ€“97). ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืขืœืขื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš. ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื”.

ืฉื™ื˜ืชื”ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืืžื ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืจืกื’, ื›ื–) ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช, ื, ื›ื–; ื‘, ืœื’). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืกืงื• ื›ืžื• ื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื", ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”"ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื" (ืชืจื›ื”, ืœื’; ื•ืืœืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉื, ืื•ืช ืžื˜) ื•ื”"ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" (ืขื”, ื“). ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชื”. ื›ืš ื‘"ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื"ืœืจ'ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ (ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฆ'ืœืขืจืš; 1330 ืœืขืจืš) ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ื‘ืข"ืฉ, ืื•ืช ื, ืขืž'ืฆื–). ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจ ืกืคืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื• (ืœื). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืจื ื" (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉืคื™ืฆืจ, ืขืž'ืž). ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ (ืขืž' 525, ื”ืขืจื” 38).

ื•ื”ื ื”, ืœื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืชืžืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืชื” ื˜ืขื ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” "ืžื ื”ื’ ื˜ืขื•ืช"ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ื”ื’ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขืชื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช (ืขืž' 93). ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื–ื•. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื•ืœืคืจื˜.7

ื‘ืคืจืงื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ "ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื”"ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืืช ืคืจื•ืค'ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืžืืช ื“"ืจ ืื•ืจื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืคืจื•ืค'ืจื™ื ื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ-ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืืกื ืช ื‘ืจืื–ื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืชื™ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืื—ื™ื“.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช

* ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”". ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžืžื ื•, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ย ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื ื•ืฉื, ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืข"ื“, 19 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื‘ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ื ืง ื”ื‘ื: http://www.kipa.co.il/tarbut/177/58796.html. ื ื•ืกื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ 7 ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›"ื” ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืข"ื“, 20 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื™ื ืง ื”ื‘ื: http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/284259. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื•.ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื•ื”ื ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื‘ืฉื‘ืข"ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืงื˜ืŸ "ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื”"ืขืœ "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”" (ื‘ืฉื‘ืข, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 614, ืขืž' 60, 62). ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™. ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืจืจ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ื. ืžืœื›ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ืžืกืžืš-ืžืืžืจ ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ. "ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”"ืงืฆืจื” ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ืฉื‘ืข" (ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 615, ืขืž' 24), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช"ืžืืช ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื™ื”. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื’ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืชืจ "ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”":
ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช "ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”"ื‘ืฉืžื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืœื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืœื” ืชืืจื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช"ืื• "ืืฉืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”". ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
1.ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื ืงื™ืŸ, "ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉื” ื•ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ืžืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื", ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื ื“ (ืชืฉืž"ื”), ืขืž' 34โ€“48; ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘, ื–; ื’, ื›ื–; Rabbi Yehuda Henkin, โ€œWomen and Kaddishโ€, Equality Lost: Essays in Torah Commentary, Halacha, and Jewish Thought, Jerusalem 1999, pp. 42โ€“49; โ€œWomen, Kaddish, and the Halakhic Processโ€, pp. 50โ€“53. ื•ืจืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืงื™ืŸ, "ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ", ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 900, ืขืž' 6, 9; ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, "ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ", ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช, ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›"ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 901, ืขืž' 18.
2. ืจืœื” ืงื•ืฉืœื‘ืกืงื™, "ื”ืชื ื ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“", ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื”, ืขืž' 281โ€“296. ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืœืจ'ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื’ื ื™ื–ื” (ืœืจื ืจ, ืืกืคื•ืช, ื‘, ืขืž'ืกื˜) ื•ื‘"ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ื•ื˜ื, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘, ืขืž' 22โ€“23.
3. Baila Round Shargel, Love Lost: The Untold Story of Henrietta Szold, Philadelphia , 1997, pp. 331โ€“333, 377
4. ืจืื• ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, "ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘'ืฉื•"ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜'", ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 678 2โ€“3 (ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ-ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืก"ื“), ืขืž' 18โ€“23. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ.
5. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžื•ื ื“ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, "ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื",
6. ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื•ืœืคื™ืฉ, "ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆืจ: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™", JSIJ 7 (2008), ืขืž' 31โ€“79.
7. ื•ืจืื• ืืฃ ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, "ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืชื™ืงื•'", ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื”, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื”, 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, http://www.kipa.co.il/tarbut/177/59191.html.
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ยฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ 2014
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